巴以关系基本术语及简释

耶路撒冷

---巴勒斯坦民族"灾难日"--Al-Naqba

Al-Naqba是巴勒斯坦人一年一度的"灾难日"。1948年5月14日晚，以色列宣布建国。次日，第一次中东战争爆发，７０万巴勒斯坦人无家可归，沦为难民。于是巴勒斯坦人把每年的5月15日命名为 "灾难日"，纪念巴民众的悲惨命运。
The annual "day of catastrophe" marked by Palestinians on the anniversary of Israel's declaration of independence on May 14, 1948. Palestinian demonstrations, combining mourning and anger, come a day later.

---戴维营--Camp David

为打破长期敌对的局面，1977年11月，埃及总统萨达特访问以色列。1978年9月，埃、以、美三方在美国的戴维营达成和解协议，戴维营也因此出名。2000年夏天，美国前总统克林顿、以色列总理巴拉克和巴勒斯坦民族权力机构主席阿拉法特又一次聚首戴维营，希望能达成类似的历史性协议，却以失败告终。
The US presidential retreat outside Washington where numerous Middle East negotiations have been held. The location became famous for the 1978 Camp David peace accords, brokered by President Jimmy Carter, between Israel and Egypt. In the context of the current conflict, Camp David is commonly a reference to last summer's failed attempt by President Bill Clinton to achieve a similarly historic final settlement between Israel and the Palestinians.

---加沙地带--Gaza Strip

也称加沙走廊。1967年,以色列和埃及打起了"六日战争"，并从埃及手中把这块地中海海岸人口密集的长条形地带夺走。现在,这周围住有100万人，其中有大约6500名犹太人，但他们却控制了加沙地带30％的土地。
The densely populated sliver of Mediterranean coast which Israel seized from Egypt in the Six Day War of 1967. Now home to around 1m people, including some 6,500 Jewish settlers who control 30% of the land.

---哈马斯--Hamas

伊斯兰抵抗运动的简称，是巴勒斯坦地区反以的最大伊斯兰军事组织。他们渴望以暴力手段结束以色列对巴勒斯坦领土的控制，建立一个巴勒斯坦国。
The biggest of the militant Islamist groups which aspire to the destruction of Israel and the establishment of an Islamic state of Palestine.

---"高贵的避难所"--Haram al－Sharif

这是耶路撒冷中心地带一个清真寺的名字，意指"高贵的避难所"。穆斯林将它视作第三圣地，而犹太教将其称作"圣殿山"（Temple Mount），认为这里是公元1世纪被罗马人毁灭的第二圣殿遗址所在。
The Arab name for the mosque complex in the heart of Jerusalem which is generally reckoned to be the third most holy site in Islam. It is also the most holy site in Judaism. It is known to Jews as the Temple Mount, where the Second Temple was destroyed by the Romans in the first century AD.

---起义--Intifada

Intifada一词最通用的译法就是"起义"。 1987年12月9日，一辆犹太人的卡车闯入加沙地带"加伯利亚难民营"，压死4名巴勒斯坦人。加沙的巴勒斯坦人愤怒地走上街头，展开与以色列当局持续6年的"Intifada"，迫使以色列当局不得不重新审视其扩张政策，并开始和巴解组织领导人阿拉法特进行谈判。
Most commonly, and very loosely, translated as "uprising". The word first gained common currency during bloody disturbances which erupted in the occupied territories towards the end of 1987, and continued for nearly six years. That intifada is widely credited with forcing the Israelis to re-think their occupation strategy, and to enter negotiations with Yasser Arafat's Palestine Liberation Organisation.

---"被占领土"--Occupied Territories

指约旦河西岸地区和加沙地带。这两各地区是以色列从约旦和埃及手里抢来的。此外还包括耶路撒冷东部和旧城在内的地方，这些地区在"六日战争"时被以色列接管，随后被吞并为以色列领土。
The West Bank and Gaza Strip, seized from Jordan and Egypt respectively in the Six Day War of 1967. Also, the eastern part of Jerusalem, including the Old City, which was taken over at the same time and subsequently illegally annexed by Israel.

---奥斯陆协议--Oslo agreement

巴勒斯坦解放组织和以色列方面经过多轮艰苦谈判而达成的和平协议纲领，1993年9月在美国白宫草坪由阿拉法特和以色列前总理拉宾共同签署。
The outline peace deal worked out in negotiations between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organizations, secretly conducted in Norway. The agreement was sealed with the famous handshake between Yasser Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin on the White House lawn in September 1993.

---巴勒斯坦民族权力机构--Palestine National Authority

巴勒斯坦领土的临时政府，由阿拉法特领导。由于以色列方面不承认巴勒斯坦国，他们在称呼这个词时经常把"National"给省略掉。
Palestine National Authority
The interim government of the Palestinian territories, headed by Yasser Arafat. Israelis, who do not recognize a Palestinian state, always drop the word 'National'.

---巴解组织--PLO

全称是巴勒斯坦解放组织，阿拉法特领导的政治和军事组织。其下属的法塔赫是巴解组织最大的军事组织，而法塔赫旗下又有多个不同的小组。
Palestine Liberation Organization. The umbrella group of political and militant groups headed by Yasser Arafat, whose Fatah faction is the biggest single component. Fatah in turn is subdivided into various groups. One of the most recent to emerge is the semi-autonomous Tanzim movement of young street fighters.

---"六日战争"--Six Day War

1967年6月，以色列向其邻国发动了大规模的突袭，重创了阿拉伯国家的军事实力。在短短的一个星期内，以军控制了耶路撒冷和约旦河西岸，戈兰高地，以及加沙地带和西奈半岛。这场持续了6天的战争被称为"六日战争"，西奈半岛是以色列最大的战利品。在1978年签订了"戴维营协议"后，以色列将其归还给了埃及。
In June 1967, Israel mounted a dazzling series of pre-emptive strikes against the Arab armies massing on its borders. In less than a week, the triumphant Israeli forces seized Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan, the Golan Heights from Syria, and the Gaza Strip and Sinai peninsula from Egypt. Sinai, the biggest conquest in land area, was returned to Egypt in the wake of the Camp David agreement of 1978.

---约旦河西岸--West Bank

约旦河以西的约旦领土，1967年被以色列占领。更早时为英属巴勒斯坦所有，1950年以色列在独立战争中击败了阿拉伯联军，被约旦趁机吞并。
The Jordanian territory west of the river Jordan which Israel captured in 1967. Originally part of British-mandated Palestine, but annexed by Jordan in 1950 after Israel's defeat of the joint Arab armies in the war of independence.

---"赎罪日之战"--Yom Kippur War

Yom Kippur是犹太人的赎罪日。这一天，以色列全国，包括军队在内都会休息一天，颂经祷告。1973年的赎罪日，埃及和叙利亚军队对以色列发动了突然袭击，以军措手不及，损失惨重。但以军随后利用其空中优势进行反击，迅速夺回了所失领土，最后甚至直逼埃及首都开罗。
Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, is the most solemn and strictly observed day in the Jewish calendar. On that day in 1973, the armies of Egypt and Syria launched a surprise joint attack on the Jewish state. After initial reverses, the Israeli forces struck back and recaptured all the territory that they lost in the early days. The war effectively crushed the old Arab ambition of destroying Israel by force.